Lớp phụ (Subclass) cá vây tia >
Perciformes (Perch-likes) >
Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Lithognathus: Greek, lithos = stone + Greek, gnathos = jaw (Ref. 45335).
Môi trường / Khí hậu / Phạm vi
Sinh thái học
; Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; Mức độ sâu 0 - 150 m (Ref. 3688), usually 10 - 20 m (Ref. 37413). Subtropical, preferred 23°C (Ref. 107945); 48°N - 35°S, 25°W - 36°E
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay, Strait of Gibraltar and Mediterranean; southward to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa; around the Canary and Cape Verde Islands (Ref. 3688); and Madeira Is (Ref. 74541). Western Indian Ocean: southern Mozambique (Ref. 3688). Not found in tropical east Africa (Ref. 3198), Red Sea (Ref. 84159) and Black Sea (Ref. 4781, 112870).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm 18.8, range 20 - ? cm
Max length : 55.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3397); common length : 30.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 3688); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 12 các năm (Ref. 13716)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng): 11; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng): 12-13; Tia cứng vây hậu môn 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 10 - 11
Found on the shelf, over sandy and muddy bottoms as well as seagrass-beds and estuaries. Gregarious, sometimes forming sizeable schools. Feeds on worms, mollusks and small crustaceans. Protandric hermaphrodite (Ref. 3688). Flesh excellent (Ref. 3198); sold fresh and dried.
A monandric species (Ref. 55367). In the northern Adriatic, overall male to female ratio was 1:1.62. Sex inversion occurred mainly between 24.1 and 35.2 cm TL and 3.5 years of age (Ref. 55367). Conflicting descriptions of the reproductive style of this species have been reported, including possible gonochorism (Ref. 103751). Also Ref. 28504.
Bauchot, M.-L. and J.-C. Hureau, 1990. Sparidae. p. 790-812. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3688)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01120 - 0.01416), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.50 se; Based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
69278): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.24; tm=2).
Prior r = 0.7, 2 SD range = 0.52 - 0.94, log(r) = -0.36, SD log(r) = 0.15, Based on: 9 K, 6 tgen, 1 tmax, records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100) .