Actinopterygii (strålfeniga fiskar) >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology: Reinhardtius: Because of Johannes Christopher H. Reinhardt, Danish zoologist, studied under Vahl and Cuvier, professor in Kobanhavn in 1813 (1776-1845) (Ref. 45335).
Miljö / Klimat / Range
Ekologi
; marina bentopelagisk; havsvandrande (Ref. 51243); djupintervall 1 - 2200 m (Ref. 108960), usually 500 - 1000 m (Ref. 6263). Boreal; -1°C - 4°C (Ref. 43586), preferred 6°C (Ref. 107945); 79°N - 33°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54862)
Circumglobal: In arctic and temperate waters; northern hemisphere. Sea of Japan off Honshu north to Shishmaref, Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to northern Baja California, Mexico. North Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Spitsbergen (Svalbard Islands) and the Barents Sea south to Ireland. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm 62.5, range 65 - 80 cm
Max length : 110 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 80637); 130.0 cm TL (female); common length : 56.0 cm FL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 55110); publicerad maxvikt: 7.0 kg (Ref. 173); publicerad maxvikt: 7.0 kg; rapporterad maxålder: 30 år (Ref. 3561)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt): 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt): 83-108; Taggstrålar i analfenan 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 62 - 79; Ryggkotor: 60 - 64. Dorsal origin behind posterior edge of upper eye. Caudal slightly forked to truncate. Pectorals small.
Often caught pelagically (Ref. 4705). Adults prefer bottom temperatures of -0.5°C to 6.0°C (Ref. 5951). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426). Feed on crustaceans, fishes (Ref. 4705, 6885), eelpouts, capelin, redfishes, deep sea prawns and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 35388). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Utilized dried or salted and frozen; can be steamed and fried (Ref. 9988). Size of the Greenland halibut collected from 400-599 m deep in eastern Bering Sea, ranged from 9 to 99 cm FL with a mean of 56 cm (Ref. 55110).
Nielsen, J.G., 1986. Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fiskeri: kommersiellt viktig
Verktyg
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00382 - 0.00628), b=3.11 (3.04 - 3.18), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
69278): Låg, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 4,5-14 år (K=0.07-0.10; tm=7-12; tmax=30; Fec=6,800).
Prior r = 0.33, 2 SD range = 0.16 - 0.68, log(r) = -1.11, SD log(r) = 0.36, Based on: 5 K, 14 tgen, 1 tmax, 18 Fec records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100) .
