Elasmobranchii (tubarões e raias) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
Etymology: Raja: Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
Ambiente / Clima / Intervalo
Ecologia
; marinhas demersal; intervalo de profundidade 10 - 380 m (Ref. 6808). Temperate, preferred 14°C (Ref. 107945); 60°N - 21°N, 18°W - 24°E
Eastern Atlantic: Shetland Islands to Morocco, Rio de Oro (Western Sahara), and Madeira.
Length at first maturity / Tamanho / Peso / Idade
Maturity: Lm 91.7, range 60 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 41333); 125.0 cm TL (female); Peso máx. publicado: 14.3 kg (Ref. 40637)
Espinhos dorsais (total): 0; Espinhos anais 0; Raios anais : 0. Upper surface wholly prickly, except in juveniles; underside only prickly along front margins of disc; orbital thorns separate; a regular median row of 40-45 thorns in juveniles and adult females, interrupted on back in males; 60-90 tooth rows; upper surface ochre, with numerous small dark spots to margins of disc, underside white (Ref. 3167).
Found on sand and sand-rock bottoms (Ref. 6808). Feed on all kinds of benthic animals (Ref. 3167). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 10.0-14.3 cm long and 5.8-9.0 cm wide (Ref. 41250). About 40-90 eggs are laid per individual every year (Ref. 41250).
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Spawning mainly from February to August with at least 30 egg-cases laid (Ref. 3167). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
Status na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Perigo para os humanos
Harmless
Uso pelos humanos
Pescarias: pouco comercial; peixe esportivo: sim
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00295 (0.00161 - 0.00540), b=3.21 (3.06 - 3.36), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Nível Trófico (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.61 se; Based on food items.
Resiliência (Ref.
69278): Baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 4,5 - 14 anos (K=0.12-0.19; tmax=15; Fec=40).
Prior r = 0.21, 2 SD range = 0.05 - 0.85, log(r) = -1.56, SD log(r) = 0.71, Based on: 1 M, 2 K, 1 tgen, 1 tmax, 3 Fec records
Vulnerabilidade (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100) .