分類 / Names
共通名の | 類義語 | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
環境 / 気候 / 範囲
生態学
; 海 底生の; 海洋回遊性 (Ref. 51243); 深さの範囲 50 - 2000 m (Ref. 4705). Temperate, preferred 6°C (Ref. 107945); 79°N - 36°N, 77°W - 55°E
Eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Spitsbergen, Barents Sea, Iceland and eastern Greenland. Western Atlantic: southwestern Greenland and Labrador in Canada to Virginia in USA (Ref. 7251).
Length at first maturity / サイズ / 重さ / 年齢
Maturity: Lm 122.0, range 135 - ? cm
Max length : 470 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 7251); 300.0 cm TL (female); 最大公表体重: 320.0 kg (Ref. 7251); 最大記録サイズ: 50 年 (Ref. 173)
背面の脊椎 (合計): 0; 背鰭 (合計): 98-110; 肛門の骨 0; 臀鰭: 73 - 85. Uniformly dark brown or black; young marbled or spotted with paler marks (Ref. 4705).
Adults are benthic but occasionally pelagic (Ref. 4705). Feed mainly on other fishes (cod, haddock, pogge, sand-eels, herring, capelin), but also takes cephalopods, large crustaceans and other bottom-living animals. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Growth rate varies according to density, competition and availability of food. Slow growth rate and late onset of sexual maturity, halibut populations can be seriously affected by overfishing (Ref. 35388). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; can be steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Also Ref. 58426.
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟 | 繁殖 | 放精 | 卵 | 生産力 | 幼生
Males reach sexual maturity at 7-8 years and females at 10-11 years. Spawning happens from December to April, near the bottom (300 to 700 m), at temperatures between 5 and 7°. Egg size 3.0-3.8, larval size at hatching 6.5 mm (Ref. 4705).
Nielsen, J.G., 1986. Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Human uses
水産業: 商業; 水産養殖: 実験の; ゲームフィッシュ: はい; 水族館・水槽: 公共の水族館
用具
特記事項
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インターネットの情報源
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00386 - 0.01130), b=3.13 (2.98 - 3.28), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
栄養段階 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.5 se; Based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
69278): 非常に低い, １４年以上の倍増期間の最小個体群 (tmax=30; tm=10; K=0.02-0.2; Fec=1,300,000; also Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.16, 2 SD range = 0.07 - 0.39, log(r) = -1.83, SD log(r) = 0.44, Based on: 3 K, 10 tgen, 1 tmax, 2 Fec records
弱み (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100) .
