Family Hexagrammidae - Greenlings
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 5 | Species : 12 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : No |
Brackish : No |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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Distribution: Endemic to the North Pacific Ocean, primarily in subarctic and temperate waters, with one species (Hexagrammos stelleri) also occurring in the Arctic Ocean. No spines on the upper part of the head. One or two fleshy cirri above each eye in most species. Body moderately elongate and compressed. Single dorsal fin; usually notched. Spines on dorsal fin 16-28; soft rays 11-30. Anal fin long based, with up to 4 spines which in most species are rudimentary, and 12-28 soft rays. Pelvic fins with 1 spine and 5 soft rays. One pair of nostrils. Anterior nostrils well developed. Posterior nostrils pore-like or absent. Scales ctenoid, except cycloid in Ophiodon elongatus. One or five lateral lines. Teeth typically small, present on jaws and vomer; present also on palatines on some species. Gill membranes broadly joined and free of the isthmus with gill openings not extending far forward, or gill membranes joined to each other only anteriorly and free of the isthmus with gill openings extending far forward. Branchiostegal rays 6. Swim bladder absent. Vertebrae 36-62. Coloration is highly variable in some species and frequently differs by sex, size, geographic locality and local habitat. Reaches 1.52 m maximum length (in Ophiodon elongatus). Marine; intertidal to depth of 600 m or more, most species typically found shallower than 200 m on the continental shelf. Demersal except for Atka mackerels, Pleurogrammus, which as adults are pelagic. Diet includes various prey such as crabs, amphipods, polychaetes, juvenile fishes and fish eggs. Maximum length about 60 cm, most species reaching less.
Zaniolepis was recognized in its own family in Eschmeyer (1998). Subfamilies: Hexagramminae (greenlings); Ophiodontinae (lingcods); Oxylebiinae (painted greenlings); Pleurogramminae (Atka mackerels); Zaniolepidinae (combfishes). Also Ref. 7463. |
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Etymology |
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Greek, exa = six + Greek, gramma = sign, some graphic mark ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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guarders |
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Typical activity level |
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normal |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Euacanthomorphacea | Percomorphaceae | Percomorpharia | Perciformes | Cottoidei | Hexagrammidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Hexagramminae | ||||
Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius, 1810 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Labrax hexagrammus Pallas, 1814 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Chiropsis nebulosus Girard, 1858 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Chirus trigrammus Cope, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos asper Tilesius, 1810. | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammoides nudigenis Gratzianov, 1907 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos decagrammus (Pallas, 1810) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrax decagrammus Pallas, 1810 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Chiropsis decagrammus (Pallas, 1810) | synonym | senior | new | |
Chirus denarius Richardson, 1844 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Grystes lineatus Ayres, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Chirus guttatus Girard, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Chirus constellatus Girard, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Chirus maculoseriatus Lockington, 1880 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos lagocephalus (Pallas, 1810) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrax lagocephalus Pallas, 1810 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Labrax superciliosus Pallas, 1810 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos superciliosus (Pallas, 1810) | synonym | junior | new | |
Lebius superciliosus (Pallas, 1810) | synonym | junior | new | |
Chirus pictus Girard, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Chirus balias Cope, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammus scaber Bean, 1881 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos octogrammus (Pallas, 1814) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrax octogrammus Pallas, 1814 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Chirus ordinatus Cope, 1873 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Octogrammus pallasi Bleeker, 1874 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos agrammus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrax agrammus Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Agrammus agrammus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Hexagrammous agrammus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Hexamogrammos agrammus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
Agrammus schlegelii Günther, 1860 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos otakii Jordan & Starks, 1895 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos aburaco Jordan & Starks, 1903 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Hexagrammos pingi Wu & Wang, 1931 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Ophiodontinae | ||||
Ophiodon elongatus Girard, 1854 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Oplopoma pantherina Girard, 1856 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Oxylebiinae | ||||
Oxylebius pictus Gill, 1862 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pleurogramminae | ||||
Pleurogrammus monopterygius (Pallas, 1810) | accepted | senior | new | |
Labrax monopterygius Pallas, 1810 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pleurogrammus azonus Jordan & Metz, 1913 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Stellistius katsukii Jordan & Tanaka, 1927 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Zaniolepidinae | ||||
Zaniolepis latipinnis Girard, 1858 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Zaniolepis frenata Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Zaniolepis frenatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |