Family Lebiasinidae - Pencilfishes
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 7 | Species : 77 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : Yes |
Brackish : No |
Marine : No |
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Division |
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Primary freshwater |
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Aquarium |
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many |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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There is no recent review of this family. There are 56 described species in two subfamilies and six genera, with several species yet to be described. In size they range from miniatures, Nannostomus anduzei and Pyrrhulina vittata, to medium sizes to 150 mm SL in the Lebiasininae. All species have a rather elongate, cylindrical body shape with fairly large scales, 18 to 35 in a longitudinal series. The laterosensory canal system on the body is reduced, to seven scales, or absent. An adipose fin may be present or absent. The anal fin is short-based with up to 13 rays and the males of most species have well developed anal fins specialized for courtship and breeding. The frontal/parietal fontanel is always absent, the cheek is well covered by the orbital and opercular bones, there is no supraoccipital crest and the scales of the dorsal body begin over the parietal bones.
In his study of the phylogenetic relationships of the family Ctenoluciidae, Vari (1995: 35-36) included comments on the monophyly of the Lebiasinidae and listed three characters taken from Weitzman (1964) that he considered to be synapomorphies for the family: 1) absence of the supraorbital bone, 2) lack of a metapterygoid-quadrate fenestra, and 3) reduction of the laterosensory canal system on the body.
Members of this family are found in Central America in Costa Rica and Panama and in all countries of South America except Chile. Most species are found in quiet clear or black water streams from sea level to about 250 meters elevation, always in fresh water. Some species of the Lebiasininae occur in much higher elevations, to over 1000 meters.
Many of the species in the Pyrrhulininae, especially the pencilfishes, Nannnostomus, are important aquarium fishes.
Suggested new common name for this family from Ref. 58418. |
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Etymology |
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Greek, lebias, -ou = a kind of fish ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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mixed |
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Typical activity level |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Otomorpha | Ostariophysi | Otophysa | Characiphysae | Characiformes | Characoidei | Lebiasinidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Lebiasininae | ||||
Lebiasina bimaculata Valenciennes, 1847 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina multimaculata Boulenger, 1911 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina intermedia Meinken, 1936 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina uruyensis Fernández-Yépez, 1967 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Lebiasina uryuyensis Fernández-Yépez, 1967 | synonym | senior | original | |
Lebiasina floridablancaensis Ardila Rodríguez, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina provenzanoi Ardila Rodríguez, 1999 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina yuruaniensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2000 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina chucuriensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina narinensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina taphorni Ardila Rodríguez, 2004 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina colombia Ardila Rodríguez, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina ortegai Ardila Rodríguez, 2008 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina chocoensis Ardila Rodríguez, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina yepezi Netto-Ferreira, Oyakawa, Zuanon & Nolasco, 2011 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina marilynae Netto-Ferreira, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina melanoguttata Netto-Ferreira, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina minuta Netto-Ferreira, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina ardilai Netto-Ferraira, Lopez-Fernandez, Taphorn & Liverpool, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Piabucina erythrinoides Valenciennes, 1850 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina erythrinoides (Valenciennes, 1850) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina unitaeniata Günther, 1864 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina unitaeniata (Günther, 1864) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina panamensis Gill, 1877 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina panamensis (Gill, 1877) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Piabucina pnamensis Gill, 1877 | synonym | senior | original | |
Piabucina elongata Boulenger, 1887 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina elongata (Boulenger, 1887) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina festae Boulenger, 1899 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina festae (Boulenger, 1899) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina astrigata Regan, 1903 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina astrigata (Regan, 1903) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina pleurotaenia Regan, 1903 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina pleurotaenia (Regan, 1903) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina aureoguttata Fowler, 1911 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina aureoguttata (Fowler, 1911) | synonym | senior | new | |
Piabucina boruca Bussing, 1967 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Lebiasina boruca (Bussing, 1967) | synonym | senior | new | |
Derhamia hoffmannorum Géry & Zarske, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulininae | ||||
Pyrrhulina filamentosa Valenciennes, 1847 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina melanostoma (Cope, 1870) | accepted | senior | new | |
Holotaxis melanostomus Cope, 1870 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina laeta (Cope, 1872) | accepted | senior | new | |
Holotaxis laetus Cope, 1872 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina brevis Steindachner, 1876 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina brevis brevis Steindachner, 1876 | synonym | senior | change in rank | |
Pyrrhulina semifasciata Steindachner, 1876 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina maxima Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Pyrrhulina australe Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Pyrrhulina macrolepis Ahl & Schindler, 1937 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina vittata Regan, 1912 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina lugubris Eigenmann, 1922 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina beni Pearson, 1924 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina obermulleri Myers, 1926 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Pyrrhulina obermuelleri Myers, 1926 | synonym | senior | original | |
Pyrrhulina rachoviana Myers, 1926 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Pyrrhulina rachoviata Myers, 1926 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Pyrrhulina rachowiana Myers, 1926 | synonym | senior | original | |
Pyrrhulina eleanorae Fowler, 1940 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina stoli Boeseman, 1953 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina spilota Weitzman, 1960 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina zigzag Zarske & Géry, 1997 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina elongata Zarske & Géry, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina marilynae Netto-Ferreira & Marinho, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus beckfordi Günther, 1872 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus anomalus Steindachner, 1876 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus simplex Eigenmann, 1909 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus aripirangensis Meinken, 1931 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Nannostomus aripiragensis Meinken, 1931 | synonym | junior | original | |
Nannostomus beckfordi surinami Hoedeman, 1954 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus eques Steindachner, 1876 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Poecilobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1876) | synonym | senior | new | |
Poecilobrycon auratus Eigenmann, 1909 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus trifasciatus Steindachner, 1876 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Poecilobrycon vittatus Ahl, 1934 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Poecilobrycon erythrurus (non Eigenmann, 1909) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Nannostomus unifasciatus Steindachner, 1876 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Poecilobrycon ocellatus Eigenmann, 1909 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus erythrurus (Eigenmann, 1909) | accepted | senior | new | |
Poecilobrycon erythrurus Eigenmann, 1909 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus harrisoni (Eigenmann, 1909) | accepted | senior | new | |
Poecilobrycon harrisoni Eigenmann, 1909 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Archicheir minutus Eigenmann, 1909 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus marginatus Eigenmann, 1909 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus marginatus picturatus Hoedeman, 1954 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus minimus Eigenmann, 1909 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus digrammus (Fowler, 1913) | accepted | senior | new | |
Poecilobrycon digrammus Fowler, 1913 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus bifasciatus Hoedeman, 1954 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus espei (Meinken, 1956) | accepted | senior | new | |
Poecilobrycon espei Meinken, 1956 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus marilynae Weitzman & Cobb, 1975 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Nannostomus marylinae Weitzman & Cobb, 1975 | synonym | senior | original | |
Nannostomus britskii Weitzman, 1978 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus limatus Weitzman, 1978 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus nitidus Weitzman, 1978 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus anduzei Fernandez & Weitzman, 1987 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus mortenthaleri Paepke & Arendt, 2001 | accepted | senior | change in rank | |
Nannostomus marginatus mortenthaleri Paepke & Arendt, 2001 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Nannostomus rubrocaudatus Zarske, 2009 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus grandis Zarske, 2011 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nannostomus nigrotaeniatus Zarske, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Copeina guttata (Steindachner, 1876) | accepted | senior | new | |
Pyrrhulina guttata Steindachner, 1876 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina argyrops Cope, 1878 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Copeina osgoodi Eigenmann, 1922 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Copella compta (Myers, 1927) | accepted | senior | new | |
Copeina compta Myers, 1927 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Copella nattereri (Steindachner, 1876) | accepted | senior | new | |
Pyrrhulina nattereri Steindachner, 1876 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Copeina callolepis Regan, 1912 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Copella callolepis (Regan, 1912) | synonym | junior | new | |
Copella arnoldi (Regan, 1912) | accepted | senior | new | |
Copeina arnoldi Regan, 1912 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Copella carsevennensis (Regan, 1912) | accepted | senior | new | |
Copeina carsevennensis Regan, 1912 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Copella eigenmanni (Regan, 1912) | accepted | senior | new | |
Copeina eigenmanni Regan, 1912 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Copella metae (Eigenmann, 1914) | accepted | senior | new | |
Copeina metae Eigenmann, 1914 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pyrrhulina metae (Eigenmann, 1914) | synonym | senior | new | |
Copella nigrofasciata (Meinken, 1952) | accepted | senior | new | |
Pyrrhulina nigrofasciata Meinken, 1952 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Copella vilmae Géry, 1963 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Copella meinkeni Zarske & Géry, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |