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Anguilla anguilla  (Linnaeus, 1758)

European eel
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Image of Anguilla anguilla (European eel)
Anguilla anguilla
Picture by V. Tachos & D. Bobori

Romania country information

Common names: Anghila, Anghila, Anguilla europeana
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments:
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Bauchot, M.-L., 1986
National Database: Animalia Eukarya - Romania

Classificação / Names

Actinopterygii (peixes com raios nas barbatanas) > Anguilliformes (Eels and morays) > Anguillidae (Freshwater eels)
Nomes comuns | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

欧洲鳗鲡, Угорь европейский, Anguille d'Europe, ... more

Referência principal

Deelder, C.L. 1984. (Ref. 172)
 Referências | Bibliografia | Coordenador | Colaboradores

Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Max length : 122 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 88166); 133.0 cm TL (female); common length : 35.0 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 6125); common length :50 cm TL (female); Peso máx. publicado: 6.6 kg (Ref. 39903); Peso máx. publicado: 6.6 kg; Idade máx. registada: 88 anos (Ref. 72468)

Length at first maturity
 Lm ?, range 45 - 65 cm

Ambiente

; marinhas; Água doce; estuarina demersal; catádromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 0 - 700 m (Ref. 54218)

Clima / Intervalo

Temperate; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059), preferred ?; 75°N - 8°N, 82°W - 45°E (Ref. 42249)

Distribuição

Atlantic Ocean: Atlantic coast from Scandinavia to Morocco; Baltic, Black and Mediterranean Seas; rivers of North Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean seas (Ref. 172, Ref. 51442). Continuous introductions to Asia and South and Central America. Spawning area in western Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. Recent genomic DNA studies show that the European eel exhibits isolation by distance, implying that non-random mating and restricted gene flow among eels from different location exists (Ref. 43723). The existence of 3 genetically distinct sub-populations is suggested: a Northern European subpopulation (consisting mainly of the Icelandic stocks); a Western European subpopulation (including the Baltic, the Mediterranean and Black Sea); a Southern sub-population (including stocks of Morocco) (Ref. 43723, 89139). International trade restricted (CITES Appendix II, since 13.5.2009).
Países | Áreas FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Introduções

Descrição breve

Espinhos dorsais (total): 0; Espinhos anais 0; Vértebras: 110 - 120. Elongated, anguilliform body (Ref. 51442), cylindrical anteriorly, somewhat compressed posteriorly (Ref. 6125). Lower jaw slightly longer and projecting (Ref. 6125, Ref. 51442). Gill openings small and vertical, restricted to the sides (Ref. 6125). Elongated dorsal and anal fins, confluent with caudal fin (Ref. 6125, Ref. 51442), forming one unique fin from the anus to the middle of the back with minimum 500 soft rays (Ref. 40476). Dorsal fin origin far behind pectoral fins; anal fin origin slightly behind anus, well back from origin of dorsal fin (Ref. 6125). Pelvic fins absent (Ref. 2196, Ref. 51442). Greenbrown colored (Ref. 51442).

Biologia     Glossário (ex. epibenthic)

Inhabits all types of benthic habitats from streams to shores of large rivers and lakes. Naturally found only in water bodies connected to the sea (Ref. 59043). Territorial and solitary species; 'schools' of young eels which are observed from time to time are a mass response to outward conditions and not of active assembling (Ref. 172). Amphihaline (Ref. 51442). Migrates to the depths of the Sargasso Sea to spawn (Ref. 172, 51442). Eel larvae (leptocephali) are transparent ribbon-like. They are brought to the coasts of Europe by the Gulf Stream in 7 to 11 months time (Ref. 51442) and can last for up to 3 years (Ref. 8994). They are transformed into glass eels (6-8 cm length, cylindrical in shape and transparent to slightly pigmented in colour). They enter the estuaries and colonize rivers and lakes (Ref. 11941, 51442); some individuals remain in estuaries and coastal waters to grow into adults (Ref. 88171). The glass eel stage is followed by a long feeding period (from the yellow to the silver eel stage) lasting 6-12 years in males (Ref. 6125) and 9-20 years in females (Ref. 6125). Yellow and silver eels are benthic, found under stones, buried in the mud or in crevices (Ref. 89138). Yellow eels eventually lose their pigmentation, becoming dark dorsally and silver ventrally (called silver eels). Silver eels are also characterized by a clear contrasting black lateral line and enlarged eyes (Ref. 6125). At the end of their growth period, they become sexually mature, migrate to the sea and cover great distances during their spawning migration (5,000-6,000 km); with extensive daily vertical migrations between 200 m at night and 600 m during day time, possibly for predator avoidance (Ref. 89140). Gametogenesis occurs entirely during spawning migration. Average life span is usually 15-20 years (Ref. 88171). Male eels can grow up to 50 cm TL (Ref. 39903). Occurs at temperatures ranging from 0-30°C (Ref. 172). Its food includes virtually the whole aquatic fauna (freshwater as well as marine) occurring in the eel's area, augmented with animals living out of water, e.g. worms (Ref. 172). Best temperature for making eels sexually mature is 20-25°C (Ref. 35388). Sensitive to weak magnetic fields (Ref. 89141, 89142). Their high fat content and benthic feeding habits in continental waters make them vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants, that may result in organ damage and impaired migration capability (Ref. 82710) and lowered genetic variability (Ref. 82711). Review of information supports the view that the European eel population as a whole has declined in most areas, the stock is outside safe biological limits and current fisheries not sustainable (Ref. 82712). Obvious decreasing of the stocks for all the continental native distribution area (Ref. 40476). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; can be fried, boiled and baked (Ref. 9988).

Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 115185)

  Criticamente ameaçada (CR) (A2bd+4bd)

Ameaça para o homem

  Harmless



Utilização humana

Pescarias: espécies comerciais; Aquacultura: espécies comerciais; peixe desportivo: sim

Ferramentas

Bio-Quiz | E-book | Guia de campo | Ferramenta auxiliar de frequências de comprimento | Ferramenta sobre a história de vida | Mapa dos pontos | Classification Tree

Relatórios especiais

Consultar manutenção em aquários | Consultar ficha de espécies | Consultar fichas de aquacultura

Descarregue XML

Página de resumo | Dado pontual | Nomes comuns | Fotografias

Fontes da internet

Alien/Invasive Species database | BHL | BOLDSystems | Consultar outros websites | Consultar FishWatcher | CISTI | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO(Aquacultura: produção, perfil da espécie; pescarias: produção, perfil da espécie; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | GenBank(genoma, nucleotídeo) | GOBASE | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | iSpecies | Bases de dados nacionais | Aquários públicos | PubMed | Scirus | Sea Around Us | SeaLifeBase | Árvore da vida | uBio | uBio RSS | Wikipedia(ir para, procurar) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Registo zoológico | Fishtrace

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
 PD50 = 0.5000 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278)
 3.6   ±0.3 se; Based on diet studies.

Resiliência (Ref. 69278)
 Baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 4,5 - 14 anos (K=0.1; tm=6-30; tmax=85(?))

Vulnerabilidade (Ref. 59153)
 High vulnerability (64 of 100)
Categoria de preço (Ref. 80766)
 Unknown