Indonesia country information

Common names: Baling, Kesumbang, Kurau
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref: Motomura, H., 2004
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: One of the most important fisheries species in the country (Ref. 57343). Also Ref. 7050, 41639.
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Menon, A.G.K., 1974
National Database:

Classification / Names

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes (Perch-likes) > Polynemidae (Threadfins)
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Barbure à quatre doigts, Barbudo de cuatro dedos, Four finger thread fin, ... more

Main reference

Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura and T. Yoshino. 2002. (Ref. 41639)
References | Biblio | Coordinator | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 200 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3479); common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3479); max. published weight: 145.0 kg (Ref. 4965)

Length at first maturity
L_m ?, range 29 - ? cm

Environment

Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 23 m (Ref. 6390)

Climate / Range

Tropical, preferred 28°C (Ref. 107945); 32°N - 26°S, 47°E - 154°E (Ref. 57343)

Distribution

Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. Replaced by Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902), in East Asia (Japan, China, Viet Nam).
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 9; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13-15; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 14 - 16. Pectoral filaments 4; fin membranes vivid yellow in life, except in large specimens, > ca 35 cm SL. Vomer with deciduous tooth plates on both sides, except in juveniles. Posterior part of maxilla deep, 3-4% of SL. Short tooth plate extension onto lateral surface of lower jaw. 7-9% SL (Ref. 41639).

Adults occur mainly over shallow muddy bottoms in coastal waters. Also enter rivers (Ref. 3479, 6390, 11230). Juveniles found in estuaries. During winter, adults ascend the rivers. They usually form loose schools, although larger fish are more often observed in pairs or singly (Ref. 6390). Feed on prawns and fish (largely members of Mugilidae, Engraulidae, and Sciaenidae) with occasional polychaetes. Frequency of crustaceans to fish in the diet varies seasonally. Larvae (7-30 mm TL) feed mainly on copepods and mysids but also take shrimps and prawn larvae (Ref. 57343). Juveniles (31-60 TL) feed on prawns shrimps and mysids (Ref. 57343). Protandrous hermaphrodites. Marketed fresh, frozen, and dried or salted.

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: highly commercial; aquaculture: commercial

More information

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions
Stocks
Ecology
Diet
Food items
Food consumption
Ration

Common names
Synonyms
Metabolism
Predators
Ecotoxicology
Reproduction
Maturity
Spawning
Fecundity
Eggs
Egg development

Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Morphometrics
Morphology
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Recruitment
Abundance

References
Aquaculture
Aquaculture profile
Strains
Genetics
Allele frequencies
Heritability
Diseases
Processing
Mass conversion

Collaborators
Pictures
Stamps, Coins
Sounds
Ciguatera
Speed
Swim. type
Gill area
Otoliths
Brains
Vision

Tools

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

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Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos

Internet sources

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
PD₅₀ = 0.6250 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278)
4.1 ±0.5 se; Based on diet studies.

Resilience (Ref. 69278)
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Fec=680,000; assuming tm>=2)

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)
High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100)

Price category (Ref. 80766)
High

Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)