Indonesia country information

Common names: Bawai itam, Bawal hitam, Bawal hitam
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: From southwest Sumatra to Bali Strait. Museum: LPPL JIF48 (TGT2221) (Ref. 5978). Also Ref. 6567.
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1984
National Database:

Classification / Names

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes (Perch-likes) > Carangidae (Jacks and pompanos) > Caranginae
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Castagnoline noire, Palometa negra, Castagnoline noire, ... more

Main reference

Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley. 1989. (Ref. 7300)
References | Biblio | Coordinator : Smith-Vaniz, William F. | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 75.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5284); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3287)

Length at first maturity
L_m ?, range 22 - 24 cm

Environment

Marine; brackish; reef-associated; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 15 - 105 m (Ref. 12260), usually 15 - 40 m (Ref. 54702)

Climate / Range

Tropical, preferred 27°C (Ref. 107945); 42°N - 30°S, 32°E - 154°E

Distribution

Indo-West Pacific: East Africa to southern Japan and Australia.
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 2 - 6; Dorsal soft rays (total): 41-46; Anal spines: 2; Anal soft rays: 35 - 40; Vertebrae: 24. Deep-bodied and strongly compressed fishes. Lateral line ends in weakly-developed scutes on the caudal peduncle. Pelvic fins lost in individuals over 9 cm. Color is brown above, silvery-white below. The anterior parts of the dorsal and anal fins bluish-gray. The other fins yellowish.

Adults inhabit coastal areas with muddy substrate. Found near the bottom during daytime and near the surface at night. They also enter estuaries (Ref. 1479). Normally form large schools (Ref. 5213). Swim on its side near the surface (Ref. 3197). Feed on zooplankton (Ref. 30573). Excellent food fish (Ref. 3197); marketed fresh, may be dried or salted (Ref. 5284).

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: highly commercial

More information

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions
Stocks
Ecology
Diet
Food items
Food consumption
Ration

Common names
Synonyms
Metabolism
Predators
Ecotoxicology
Reproduction
Maturity
Spawning
Fecundity
Eggs
Egg development

Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Morphometrics
Morphology
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Recruitment
Abundance

References
Aquaculture
Aquaculture profile
Strains
Genetics
Allele frequencies
Heritability
Diseases
Processing
Mass conversion

Collaborators
Pictures
Stamps, Coins
Sounds
Ciguatera
Speed
Swim. type
Gill area
Otoliths
Brains
Vision

Tools

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

Download XML

Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos

Internet sources

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
PD₅₀ = 1.0000 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278)
2.9 ±0.35 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 69278)
High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=0.6)

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)
Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100)

Price category (Ref. 80766)
High

Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)