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Classification / Names

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Clupeiformes (Herrings) > Clupeidae (Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens) > Ehiravinae
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Тюлька черноморско-каспийская (=килька), Clupeonelle, Espadín del Mar Negro y Caspio, ... more

Main reference

Whitehead, P.J.P. 1985. (Ref. 188)
References | Biblio | Coordinator | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 14.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 72389); common length : 10.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 188); max. reported age: 5 years (Ref. 10535)

Environment

Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; anadromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 10 - 13 m (Ref. 10535)

Climate / Range

Temperate, preferred 14°C (Ref. 107945); 60°N - 36°N, 27°E - 56°E

Distribution

Eurasia: Black Sea (northwestern parts), Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea, also most of the affluent rivers of the area, reaching as far as 60 km inland. Also, Lake Palaeostomi (Bulgaria) and in Bay of Feodosiya (Romania), also Lake Apolyont (Turkey) (Ref. 188). Previously, two subspecies were recognized by some: Clupeonella cultriventris cultriventris (Nordmann, 1840) from the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and Clupeonella cultriventris caspia (Svetovidov, 1941) from the Caspian Sea (Ref. 26334, 39702).
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Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 13-21; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 12 - 23. Head short and wide; belly sharply keeled, with 24 to 29 scutes; pectoral fin tips pointed; last 2 anal fin rays enlarged; pterotic bulla absent; no notch at the center of the upper jaw. Based on pelvic and pectoral fin length, Svetovidov (1952 and 1963) recognized 2 subspecies: C. cultriventris cultriventris with longer pectoral and pelvic fins compared to that of C. cultriventris caspia.

Essentially a brackish water species but tolerating salinities up to 34 ppt and with semi-anadromous and purely freshwater forms in rivers and lakes. Forms schools. Migratory between winter or autumn feeding and summer spawning grounds. Feeds on zooplankton (Ref. 188); crustaceans such as copepods and cladocerans (Ref. 59043). Breeds in early summer in the Sea of Azov with a peak in May, and from about May in the lower reaches of rivers (e.g. Dneiper and Dneister) (Ref. 188). Eggs are pelagic (Ref. 59043).

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Least Concern (LC)

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: highly commercial

More information

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Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
PD₅₀ = 0.5078 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278)
3.0 ±0.0 se; Based on diet studies.

Resilience (Ref. 69278)
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.2-1.1(?); tm=2-3; tmax=5; Fec=5,220-20,110)

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)
Moderate vulnerability (35 of 100)

Price category (Ref. 80766)
High

Clupeonella cultriventris (Nordmann, 1840)