Classification / Names
Noms communs | Synonymes | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environnement / Climat / Gamme
Écologie
; marin; saumâtre récifal; profondeur 0 - 53 m (Ref. 13608), usually ? - 4 m (Ref. 55205). Subtropical, preferred ?; 36°N - 4°S, 100°W - 37°W (Ref. 55205)
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA and northern Gulf of Mexico to southern Brazil, including the Antilles (Ref. 3168).
Length at first maturity / Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm 85.0, range 75 - 80 cm
Max length : 200 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3168); common length : 90.0 cm WD mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 3168); poids max. publié: 135.6 kg (Ref. 40637)
Disk has sharp outer corners and irregular row of short spines on upper surface (Ref. 26938). Disk usually uniform dark brown above, grayer in young. Ventral finfold on tail long and high, dorsal finfold absent (Ref. 7251). Upper surface of disc gray, dark or olivaceous brown or olive green. Lower surface of disc white or whitish with an edging of gray or brown (Ref. 6902).
Found on sandy bottoms, seagrass beds, lagoons and the reef face (Ref. 12951). Common in bays and estuaries (Ref. 7251). Observed singly, in pairs and in aggregations (Ref. 12951). Buries in the sand during the day and forages at night, usually in seagrass beds (Ref. 12951). Feeds mainly on bivalves and worms and also takes shrimps, crabs and small fishes (Ref. 3168). Feeds by creating depressions in the sand to expose invertebrates and small fishes (Ref. 9710). Ovoviviparous, with 3-4 in a litter (Ref. 12951). May be found in cleaning stations where they are attended to by the bluehead wrasse and Spanish hogfish (Ref. 12951). Equipped with a well-developed serrated spine and capable of inflicting a painful laceration. Easily approached by divers (Ref. 9710).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Male mounts on female dorsally (Ref. 12951).
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Menace pour l'homme
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4690)
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: commercial; pêche sportive: oui
Outils
Articles particuliers
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Sources Internet
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.0 se; Based on diet studies.
Résilience (Ref.
69278): Très faible, temps minimum de doublement de population supérieur à 14 ans (Fec=3-4).
Vulnérabilité (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (77 of 100) .
