Family Carapidae - Pearlfishes
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 8 | Species : 36 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : No |
Brackish : No |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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Distribution: tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Dorsal fin rays shorter than opposite anal rays. Anus of adults and origin of anal fin located behind head and usually under pectoral fin, under vertebrae 1 - 13. Translucent eel-like fishes without scales. Wide gill openings, reaching far forward. Vomerine, palatine and jaw teeth present. No opercular spines. Branchiostegal rays 6-7. No supramaxillary. Vertebrae about 85-145. Vexillum present in larvae. Eggs are pelagic, oval, and slightly over 1 mm in the longest dimension (Ref. 240). Pearlfishes are free-living (Echiodon), commensal (Carapus, Onuxodon), or parasitic (Encheliophis, = Jordanicus), living in association with shallow-water invertebrate hosts (holothurians, bivalves, starfishes), largely in coral-dominated communities. Family members occur in shelf and slope waters of 0-2,000 m depth and range from about 65°N to 60°S. |
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Etymology |
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Greek kara ("head") and apous ("without foot", pelvic fin, which is thoracic in position, if present) (P.Adamicka, pers.comm. 08/09). |
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Reproductive guild |
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nonguarders |
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Typical activity level |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Euacanthomorphacea | Percomorphaceae | Ophidiimorpharia | Ophidiiformes | Ophidioidei | Carapidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Carapinae | ||||
Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768) | accepted | senior | new | |
Gymnotus acus Brünnich, 1768 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Diaphasia acus (Brünnich, 1768) | synonym | senior | new | |
Fierasfer acus (Brünnich, 1768) | synonym | senior | new | |
Notopterus fontanesii Risso, 1810 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Fierasfer fontanesii (Risso, 1810) | synonym | junior | new | |
Ophidium imberbe Cuvier, 1815 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus imberbis (Cuvier, 1815) | synonym | junior | new | |
Fierasfer imberbis (Cuvier, 1815) | synonym | junior | new | |
Ophidium fierasfer Risso, 1827 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Fierasfer maculata Swainson, 1839 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Porobronchus linearis Kaup, 1860 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Vexillifer dephilippii Gasco, 1870 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis tenuis Putnam, 1874 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus cuspis Arnold, 1956 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus birpex Arnold, 1956 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus variegatus (non Fowler & Steinitz, 1956) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Carapus bermudensis (Jones, 1874) | accepted | senior | new | |
Lefroyia bermudensis Jones, 1874 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Disparichthys herrei Schultz, 1938 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus chavesi Ancona López, 1956 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus recifensis Ancona López, 1956 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Fierasfer dubius (non Putnam, 1874) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Carapus dubius (Putnam, 1874) | accepted | senior | new | |
Fierasfer dubius Putnam, 1874 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis dubius (Putnam, 1874) | synonym | senior | new | |
Fierasfer caninus Günther, 1862 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Fierasfer arenicola Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Fierasfer microdon Gilbert, 1905 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Leptofierasfer macrurus Meek & Hildebrand, 1928 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus sluiteri (Weber, 1905) | accepted | senior | new | |
Fierasfer sluiteri Weber, 1905 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Carapus mourlani (Petit, 1934) | accepted | senior | new | |
Fierasfer mourlani Petit, 1934 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis mourlani (Petit, 1934) | synonym | senior | new | |
Oxybeles lumbricoides Bleeker, 1854 | ambiguous | questionable | original | 2 |
Carapus pindae Smith, 1955 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus mayottae Smith, 1955 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus variegatus Fowler & Steinitz, 1956 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Carapus homei (non Richardson, 1846) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Echiodon drummondii Thompson, 1837 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Echiodon drummondi Thompson, 1837 | synonym | senior | original | |
Echiodon dentatus (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Ophidium dentatum Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Carapus dentatus (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Fierasfer dentatus (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Echiodon rendahli (Whitley, 1941) | accepted | senior | new | |
Carapus rendahli Whitley, 1941 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon exsilium Rosenblatt, 1961 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon dawsoni Williams & Shipp, 1982 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon sp. A Not applicable | synonym | other | other | |
Echiodon cryomargarites Markle, Williams & Olney, 1983 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon anchipterus Williams, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon coheni Williams, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon neotes Markle & Olney, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon pegasus Markle & Olney, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon pukaki Markle & Olney, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon atopus Anderson, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon prionodon Parmentier, 2012 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis vermicularis Müller, 1842 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
! Encheiliophis vermicularis Müller, 1842 | synonym | senior | original | |
Encheliophis jordani Heller & Snodgrass, 1903 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Encheliophiops hancocki Reid, 1940 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis hancocki (Reid, 1940) | synonym | junior | new | |
Encheliophis homei (Richardson, 1846) | accepted | senior | new | |
Oxybeles homei Richardson, 1846 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Carapus homei (Richardson, 1846) | synonym | senior | new | |
Fierasfer homei (Richardson, 1846) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Echeliophis homei (Richardson, 1846) | synonym | senior | new | |
Oxybelus brandesii Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Fierasfer brandesu (Bleeker, 1851) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Oxybeles brandesii Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | junior | original | |
Fierasfer neglectum Peters, 1855 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus neglectus (Peters, 1855) | synonym | junior | new | |
Fierasfer affinis Günther, 1862 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Fierasfer acus (non Brünnich, 1768) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Fierasfer caninus (non Günther, 1862) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup, 1856) | accepted | senior | new | |
Fierasfer boraborensis Kaup, 1856 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Carapus boraborensis (Kaup, 1856) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Encheliophis boraboraensis (Kaup, 1856) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Enchelyophis boraboraensis (Kaup, 1856) | synonym | senior | new | |
Fierasfer parvipinnis Kaup, 1856 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus parvipinnis (Kaup, 1856) | synonym | junior | new | |
Encheliophis parvipinnis (Kaup, 1856) | synonym | junior | new | |
Jordanicus parvipinnis (Kaup, 1856) | synonym | junior | new | |
Fierasfer kagoshimanus Steindachner & Döderlein, 1887 | ambiguous | questionable | original | 2 |
Rhizoiketicus carolinensis Vaillant, 1893 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) | accepted | senior | new | |
Oxybeles gracilis Bleeker, 1856 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Carapus gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) | synonym | senior | new | |
Jordanicus gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Enchelyophis gracilis (Bleeker, 1856) | synonym | senior | new | |
Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan & Evermann, 1903 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Fierasfer houlti Ogilby, 1922 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Carapus houlti (Ogilby, 1922) | synonym | junior | new | |
Encheliophis sagamianus (Tanaka, 1908) | accepted | senior | new | |
Carapus sagamianus Tanaka, 1908 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis vermiops Markle & Olney, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier, 2004 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Onuxodon parvibrachium (Fowler, 1927) | accepted | senior | new | |
Carapus parvibrachium Fowler, 1927 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Onuxodon parvibranchium (Fowler, 1927) | synonym | senior | new | |
Carapus reedi Smith, 1955 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl, 1921) | accepted | senior | new | |
Fierasfer margaritiferae Rendahl, 1921 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Onuxodon margaritifer (Rendahl, 1921) | synonym | senior | new | |
Onuxodon fowleri (Smith, 1955) | accepted | senior | new | |
Jordanicus fowleri Smith, 1955 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Carapus reedi Smith, 1955 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Jordanicus caninus (non Günther, 1862) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Carapus margaritiferae (non Rendahl, 1921) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Onuxodon margaritiferae (non Rendahl, 1921) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Pyramodontinae | ||||
Pyramodon ventralis Smith & Radcliffe, 1913 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyramodon punctatus (Regan, 1914) | accepted | senior | new | |
Cynophidium punctatum Regan, 1914 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pyramodon ventralis (non Smith & Radcliffe, 1913) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Pyramodon lindas Markle & Olney, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyramodon parini Markle & Olney, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pyramodon ventralis (non Smith & Radcliffe, 1913) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Snyderidia canina Gilbert, 1905 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Snyderidia bothrops Robins & Nielsen, 1970 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Snyderidia bathrops Robins & Nielsen, 1970 | synonym | junior | original | |
Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara, 1953) | accepted | senior | new | |
Carapus owasianus Matsubara, 1953 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon owasianus (Matsubara, 1953) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eurypleuron cinereum (Smith, 1955) | accepted | senior | new | |
Carapus cinereus Smith, 1955 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Echiodon cinereus (Smith, 1955) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eurypleuron cinereus (Smith, 1955) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eurypleuron owasianum (non Matsubara, 1953) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Tetragondacninae | ||||
Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson & Satria, 2007 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |