Gymnura marmorata (Cooper, 1864)
California butterfly ray
Gymnura marmorata
photo by Robertson, R.

 Family:  Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
 Max. size:  100 cm TL (male/unsexed)
 Environment:  demersal; depth range 1 - 94 m
 Distribution:  Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.
 Diagnosis:   
 Biology:  Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).
 IUCN Red List Status:   (Ref. 96402)
 Threat to humans:  venomous
 Country info:   
 

 Entered by: Froese, Rainer - 01.05.91
 Modified by: Valdestamon, Roxanne Rei - 26.08.14
 Checked by: Froese, Rainer - 31.05.95

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