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Ecology of Paralichthys lethostigma
 
Main Ref. Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986
Distribution
Marine - Neritic
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
 Marine - Oceanic
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
 Brackishwater
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
 Freshwater
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Paralichthys lethostigma may be found.
Remarks Found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. A cryptic species; tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water. Feeds chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates.

Substrate

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type ref Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986
Feeding habit hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit ref Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986
Trophic level(s)
Original sample Unfished population Remark
Estimation method Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition 3.58 0.58
Ref. Minello, T.J., R.J. Zimmerman and T.E. Czapla, 1989
From individual food items 3.48 0.48 Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
(e.g. 346)
(e.g. cnidaria)
Entered by Sta. Iglesia, Drina on 10.19.00
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