| 主要參考文獻 | Allen, G.R., 1985 | ||||
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| 分布 |
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| 附註 | Inhabit coastal as well as offshore waters. Found around coral reefs, rocky areas, estuaries, mangrove areas, and sometimes in lower reaches of rivers (especially the young). Found in freshwater in Florida (Ref. 26938). Often forming large aggregations. Feed mainly at night on small fishes, shrimps, crabs, gastropods, cephalopods and some planktonic items. Carnivore (Ref. 42240, 57616). Easily approached (Ref. 9710). |
| Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
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| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Adults submit to parasite removal by small fishes, e.g. gobies (Gobiosoma oceanops) and porkfish (Anisotremus virginicus). |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Feeding type ref | Bardach, J.E., 1959 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | Allen, G.R., 1985 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 營養階層 (s) |
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