| Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 | ||||
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| Distribution |
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| Remarks | Inhabit coastal as well as offshore waters. Found around coral reefs, rocky areas, estuaries, mangrove areas, and sometimes in lower reaches of rivers (especially the young). Found in freshwater in Florida (Ref. 26938). Often forming large aggregations. Feed mainly at night on small fishes, shrimps, crabs, gastropods, cephalopods and some planktonic items. Carnivore (Ref. 42240, 57616). Easily approached (Ref. 9710). |
| Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Adults submit to parasite removal by small fishes, e.g. gobies (Gobiosoma oceanops) and porkfish (Anisotremus virginicus). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Feeding type ref | Bardach, J.E., 1959 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | Allen, G.R., 1985 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trophic level(s) |
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